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History of Saskatchewan   by hi joiney

Natural history The history of this plains area actually began 2 000 2 100 million years ago wherein there were two continents separated by an ocean The Churchill Continent which would be Manitoba and Saskatchewan and the Superior Continent which would comprise Manitoba and Ontario 1 830 1 800 million years ago these two land masses collided The Northern shield area and western Rockies formed higher land from the collision The lower lands of today s parkland were covered by a shallow sea even in the Palaeozoic Era It was not till the Cretaceous Period 144 65 million years ago that the inland sea began to drain Here we begin to find the paleontological artifacts of various dinosaur species The ice age of the Quaternary Period totally again re shaped and re shifted the landscape of Saskatchewan occurring 2 million years ago Following these geological changes to this area and the formation of the continent of North America as we know it pre history to the history of contemporary day can begin Pre European For more information on the early pre history of the province of Saskatchewan see also Saskatchewan Archaeological Society For more information on the earliest inhabitants of this early area see Chipewyan Cree Algonkian Assiniboine and Atsina Archaeologists divide the time frame to study ancient findings into contemporary which would be from the twentieth century on Protohistoric archaeology from 1620 to contemporary and Prehistoric archaeology is the study before early exploration to the area The prehistoric archaeology studies the findings and further classifies them according to traditions followed by the ancient peoples Palaeo Indian Tradition of the Agate Basin finds date to as early as c 6000 BC Taltheilei Tradition c 500 BC and Shield Archaic Tradition c 4000 BC The Athapaskans Dene or Chipewyan First Nation lived in the shield area and were caribou hunters Their early archaeological history is documented around 1615 Samuel Hearne was one of the first early explorers to make contact with the Dene Algonkian or Woodland Cree Kristinaux lived above the treeline whereas plains Cree lived in the open parkland area Prairie buffalo hunters pre dominated in southern Saskatchewan and were mainly of the first nation Siouan or Assiniboine Nakota Atsina or Dakota Sioux were living on the outskirts of the area now known as Saskatchewan Early explorers Some early explorers who made inroads to the west are Louis de la Corne Chevalier de la Corne Peter Fidler Samuel Hearne Anthony Henday Henry Kelsey Pierre La Vrendrye Peter Pond John Palliser David Thompson Philip Turnor Fur trade era First nations trading furs for goods from fur traders In May 1670 Britain gave the lands which drained into the Hudson Bay watershed to he Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson s Bay which later became the Hudson s Bay Company In 1774 Cumberland House the company s first trading post was erected Travelling inland were the French Canadian Voyageurs of the North West Company arriving from Eastern Canada European fur traders American fur traders set up forts and trading posts and established commerce with the First Nations people First Nations people helped the early visitor adapt to the land and supplied furs in exchange for goods The richest resource for this area appeared to be the fur trade industry early development and settlement was in the northern areas Fort Garry Manitoba 18701876 was declared the very first capital of the North West Territories The North West Mounted Police barracks shifted location further west Fort Livingstone of the North West Territories was declared capital 18761877 but was short lived It began as an NWMP police barracks however it was not fit for living in due to hasty construction and a severe winter setting in On October 7 1876 the North West Territories Act was approved by Lieutenant Governor Laird He departed from Fort Livingstone in the summer of 1877 and proclaimed a new capital of the North West Territories at Battleford 18771883 For governing purposes the vast area of the North West Territories was divided into provisional districts on May 8 1882 The telegraph line linked up the northern communities Between 1871 and 1899 Treaties 1 through 8 have been signed between the North West Territory Government and the First Nations peoples Political boundaries Rupert s Land became the first western area In 1670 when Great Britain gave the The Governor and Company of Adventurers Trading into Hudson s Bay Hudson s Bay Company dominion over lands where there was water passageway from the Hudson Bay which was entitled Rupert s Land The North West Territories was divided into districts in 1870 The Provisional Districts of Alberta Assiniboia Athabasca and Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories created in 1882 They were named provisional districts to distinguish them from the District of Keewatin which had a more autonomous relationship from the NWT administration Due to the vastness of the Northwest Territories it was divided into more administrative districts 1895 saw the formation of the District of Franklin District of Keewatin District of Ungava and the District of Mackenzie which were all part of the NWT By this date the Provisional District of Athabasca had extended as far west as the first meridian Immigration and settlement era For more information on the earliest inhabitants and explorers of Saskatchewan see History of Immigration Western Canada Category Ethnic groups in Canada Early sod house Louis Riel led the North West Rebellion of 1885 It was felt that civilized settlement could now be initiated and followed the course of many European and American agricultural communities The first missionaries developed catechism and education as early as 1840 at Cumberland House Moose Jaw School District 1 was established in 1884 a follow through from Territorial Ordinance 5 Travel routes When the surveyors for the railways came through they at first proposed a route following the early telegraph line however a number of historic factors changed this route Travel from Winnipeg through to Calgary was easier through the southern prairies rather than going upwards to Battleford and Edmonton The southern route of the railway went through the village of Pile O Bones in 1882 By 1903 the influx of settlers via the railway increased the population to city status and Pile O Bones was now known as Regina In 1905 when Saskatchewan became a province Regina was named the capital city Immigration was advertised in a massive campaign put forth by Clifford Sifton Minister of the Interior in charge of immigration 1896 1905 who brought into being Canada s homesteading act the Dominion Lands Act in 1872 The railway brought life to settlements which quickly grew to villages and towns Typically many small communities sprung up 10 12 miles apart a distance easily travelled by horse and cart in a day Immigration policy National policy set by the federal government the Canadian Pacific Railway the Hudson s Bay Company and associated land companies encouraged immigration Exaggerated advertising campaigns promoted the benefits of prairie living Potential immigrants read leaflets information painted Canada as a veritable garden of Eden and downplayed the need for agricultural expertise Ads in The Nor West Farmer by the Commissioner of Immigration implied that western land was blessed with water wood gold silver iron copper and cheap coal for fuel all of which were readily at hand Reality was far harsher especially for the first arrivals who lived in sod houses However eastern money poured in and by 1913 long term mortgage loans to Saskatchewan farmers had reached 65 million Ethnicity The dominant groups comprised British settlers from eastern Canada and Britain who comprised about 50 of the population during the late 19th and early 20th centuries They played the leading role in establishing the basic institutions of plains society economy and government Blocks and colonies Many ethnic block settlements developed throughout the North West Territories as well as many project communities such as The French Counts of St Hubert Saskatchewan established Rolanderie Ranch and a gentleman lifestyle at Whitewood Saskatchewan in 1884 The Counts sought to establish a number of commercial ventures including a chicory processing factory a Gruyere cheese factory a sugar beet venture and a horse breeding operation They occasionally socialized with the English colonial outpost of Cannington Manor In the 1880s Edward Pierce tried to transplant early Victorian living at Cannington Manor in the 1880s now preserved as Cannington Manor Provincial Park The Barr Colonists ventured north in 1903 and settled in Brittania now known as Lloydminster Saskatchewan In the north west of the provisional district of Saskatchewan NWT Peter Vasilevich Verigin set up several Doukhobor bloc colonies Families Gender roles were sharply defined Men were primarily responsible for breaking the land planting and harvesting building the house buying operating and repairing machinery and handling finances At first there were many single men on the prairie or husbands whose wives were still back east but they had a hard time They realized the need for a wife In 1901 there were 19 200 families but this surged to 150 300 families only 15 years later Wives played a central role in settlement of the prairie region Their labor skills and ability to adapt to the harsh environment proved decisive in meeting the challenges They prepared bannock beans and bacon mended clothes raised children cleaned tended the garden helped at harvest time and nursed everyone back to health While prevailing patriarchal attitudes legislation and economic principles obscured women s contributions the flexibility exhibited by farm women in performing productive and nonproductive labor was critical to the survival of family farms and thus to the success of the wheat economy Military history Military history of Saskatchewan includes the early conflicts between conflicting First Nations Prior to European settlement many battles were fought between the Blackfoot Atsina Cree Assiniboine Saulteaux Sioux and Dene Many place names hearken back to these early conflicts such as the Battle River so named due to Cree Blackfoot fighting in the area The Blackfoot Confederacy and Atsina or Gros Ventre were pushed out of Saskatchewan following decades of warfare with the Cree Saulteaux and Assiniboine In the boreal forest conflicts raged between the Woods Cree and Dene or Chipewyan up until the late nineteenth century The creation of the Mtis added a new dimension to conflicts in what is now Saskatchewan In addition to violence related to the fur trade between the North West Company and Hudson s Bay Company which ended with the merger of the two in 1821 the Metis took part in battles with the Sioux and Gros Ventre across the plains The last battles fought in Saskatchewan and the last battles fought in what is now Canada occurred in 1885 during the Saskatchewan Rebellion Although small by global standards this short war had a profound effect on Canadian French English relations and was a defining moment in the history of the West and the Mtis Since Saskatchewan became a province in 1905 its people have contributed heavily to wars fought by the Canadian state Saskatchewan Regiments were raised for the second Boer War First World War Second World War and Korean War In addition many Saskatchewan citizens have served in United Nations peacekeeping operations and in the current Afghan War Some current Saskatchewan regiments in the Canadian Armed Forces include the North Saskatchewan and the Royal Regina Rifles Maritime history The maritime history of Saskatchewan was mainly a historic mode of transport During the early fur trading era from the 1600s through to the 1800s travel to this inland province could be facilitated by waterways as there were no roads nor railways at this time The First Nations and French fur traders from the East relied on birch bark canoes to traverse the main rivers and the English fur trader from the Hudson s Bay Company travelled by York boat During the late 1800s steamboats were used to navigate immigrants and goods along the Saskatchewan River This only continued until 1896 when the last steamboat ceased operations The ice flows of the winter months and the shallow sand bars made this form of navigation impractical The most notable highlight of the steamboat era was the impact steamboats made upon the North West Rebellion Since this time the main use of maritime travel are the 13 seasonal ferries which are still operational and started use in Saskatchewan in the late 1800s Barges are used to transport freight on the larger northern lakes Wollaston and Athabasca for the northern mining industry 1905 1930 Government of the new province The provisional districts of Assiniboia Saskatchewan and Athabaska of the Northwest Territories amalgamated into the province of Saskatchewan in 1905 The boundaries consist of on the west is the 4th Meridian of the Dominion Land Survey south 49th parallel USanada boundary line to the north the Northwest Territoriesaskatchewan boundary line and just about on the 2nd Meridian on the eastern boundary with the province of Manitoba The early government formed local improvement districts later re organised into rural municipalities initially to protect against prairie fires establish roads and bridges As homesteads were established and agricultural methods perfected the community slowly evolved With supplemental monetary resources rural municipalities could now develop and establish schools for education churches cemeteries and health care for their residents Province 1905 1944 When Saskatchewan became a province in 1901 political leaders at the time proclaimed its destiny was to become Canada s most powerful province Saskatchewan embarked on an ambitious provinc

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